Assessment of potentials and limitations in valuation of externalities

With special focus on Environmental Profit and Loss

The objective of this study is to review the application of the EP&L approach using the companies PUMA and Novo Nordisk as case studies. It follows from the case studies, that  monetary valuations of environmental impacts may provide a valuable overview of the societal footprint of the business upstream activities on human welfare and also that the EP&L is a powerful method of communicating and raising awareness on the environmental and societal cost of doing business.